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The F 2 layer exists from about 220 to 800 km (140 to 500 miles) above the surface of the Earth. The F 2 layer is the principal reflecting layer for HF radio communications during both day and night. The horizon-limited distance for one-hop F 2 propagation is usually around 4,000 km (2,500 miles). The F 2 layer has about 10 6 e/cm 3. However ...
Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar ...
The various layers of Earth's ionosphere, important to HF radio propagation, begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km. By comparison, the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350–400 km, within the F-layer of the ionosphere, where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months ...
The ionosphere, an ionized portion of the upper atmosphere which includes the upper mesosphere, thermosphere, and lower exosphere and on Earth lies between the altitudes of 48 and 965 kilometres (30 and 600 mi)
The F-region is the highest region of the ionosphere. Consisting of the F1 and F2 layers, its distance above the Earth's surface is approximately 200–500 km. [7] The duration of these storms are around a day and reoccur every approximately 27.3 days. [6] Most ionospheric abnormalities occur in the F2 and E layers of the ionosphere.
Layers of the ionosphere.The Kennelly–Heaviside layer is the E region. The Heaviside layer, [1] [2] sometimes called the Kennelly–Heaviside layer, [3] [4] named after Arthur E. Kennelly and Oliver Heaviside, is a layer of ionised gas occurring roughly between 90km and 150 km (56 and 93 mi) above the ground — one of several layers in the Earth's ionosphere.
SpaceX’s rocket explosion in November 2023 created a massive hole in the Earth's ionosphere, providing scientists with a rare opportunity to study its effects.
The ionosphere of Venus consists of three layers: v1 between 120 and 130 km, v2 between 140 and 160 km and v3 between 200 and 250 km. [28] There may be an additional layer near 180 km. The maximum electron volume density (number of electrons in a unit of volume) of 3 × 10 11 m −3 is reached in the v2 layer near the subsolar point. [28]