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The Earth's magnetic field strength was measured by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1832 [69] and has been repeatedly measured since then, showing a relative decay of about 10% over the last 150 years. [70] The Magsat satellite and later satellites have used 3-axis vector magnetometers to probe the 3-D structure of the Earth's magnetic field.
Earth's magnetic field at 0° latitude (on the equator) 58 μT: 580 mG: Earth's magnetic field at 50° latitude: 10 −4 T 100 μT: 1 G: Magnetic flux density that will induce an electromotive force of 10 −8 volts in each centimeter of a wire moving perpendicularly at 1 centimeter / second by definition (1 gauss = 1 maxwell ...
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The magnetic moment of an object is an intrinsic property and does not change with distance, and thus can be used to measure "how strong" a magnet is. For example, Earth possesses an enormous magnetic moment, however we are very distant from its center and experience only a tiny magnetic flux density (measured in tesla ) on its surface.
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The three plot lines show the total field strength (blue), radial (vertical) field component (magenta) and the horizontal (south to north) field component (yellow). Field strengths are given in microteslas and the geographic latitude is given in degrees. The field strength reaches up to around 60 microteslas at the poles.
The International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) is a standard mathematical description of the large-scale structure of the Earth's main magnetic field and its secular variation. It was created by fitting parameters of a mathematical model of the magnetic field to measured magnetic field data from surveys, observatories and satellites ...