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  2. Thermosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosphere

    The thermosphere (or the upper atmosphere) is the height region above 85 kilometres (53 mi), while the region between the tropopause and the mesopause is the middle atmosphere (stratosphere and mesosphere) where absorption of solar UV radiation generates the temperature maximum near an altitude of 45 kilometres (28 mi) and causes the ozone layer.

  3. Atmosphere of Mars - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars

    The atmosphere of Mars has been losing mass to space since the planet's core slowed down, and the leakage of gases still continues today. [ 4 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The atmosphere of Mars is colder than Earth’s owing to the larger distance from the Sun, receiving less solar energy and has a lower effective temperature , which is about 210 K (−63 °C ...

  4. List of quadrangles on Mars - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars

    Each quadrangle is a region covering a specified range of latitudes and longitudes on the Martian surface. The quadrangles are named after classical albedo features , and they are numbered from one to thirty with the prefix "MC" (for "Mars Chart"), [ 1 ] with the numbering running from north to south and from west to east.

  5. Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth

    The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about 80 km (50 mi; 260,000 ft) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500–1000 km (310–620 mi

  6. TIMED - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIMED

    The Mesosphere, Lower Thermosphere and Ionosphere (MLTI) region of the atmosphere to be studied by TIMED is located between 60 and 180 kilometres (37 and 112 mi) above the Earth's surface, where energy from solar radiation is first deposited into the atmosphere. This can have profound effects on Earth's upper atmospheric regions, particularly ...

  7. Areography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areography

    A STL 3D model of Mars with 20× elevation exaggeration using data from the Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter. Mars, 2001, with the southern polar ice cap visible on the bottom. North Polar region with icecap. Across a whole planet, generalisation is not possible, and the geography of Mars varies considerably.

  8. Space weather - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_weather

    TEC is the number of electrons in a column one meter square from the base of the ionosphere (around 90 km altitude) to the top of the ionosphere (around 1000 km altitude). Many TEC measurements are made by monitoring the two frequencies transmitted by GPS spacecraft. Presently, GPS TEC is monitored and distributed in real time from more than ...

  9. Human mission to Mars - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars

    Concept for a Mars base, with ice home, pressurized rover, and Mars suits, 2016. The idea of sending humans to Mars has been the subject of aerospace engineering and scientific studies since the late 1940s as part of the broader exploration of Mars. [1] Long-term proposals have included sending settlers and terraforming the planet.