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A copy made with carbon paper Before the development of photographic copiers, a carbon copy was the under-copy of a typed or written document placed over carbon paper and the under-copy sheet itself (not to be confused with the carbon print family of photographic reproduction processes). [ 1 ]
Carbonless copy paper; Photographic processes: Reflex copying process (also reflectography, reflexion copying) Breyertype, Playertype, Manul Process, Typon Process, Dexigraph, Linagraph; Daguerreotype; Salt print; Calotype (the first photo process to use a negative, from which multiple prints could be made) Cyanotype; Photostat machine; Rectigraph
There have been some experimental uses of carbon paper in art: as a surface for painting and mail art (to decorate envelopes). Carbon paper is commonly used to transfer patterns onto glass in the creation of stained glass. [7] Carbon paper disks are still used in school physics labs as part of experiments on projectile motion and position. [8]
The carbon process, initially a black-and-white process using lampblack (carbon black), was invented by Alphonse Poitevin in 1855. The process was later adapted to color, through the use of pigments, by Louis Ducos du Hauron in 1868. Carbon printing remained commercially popular through the first half of the 20th century.
A single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) can be envisioned as strip of a graphene molecule (a single sheet of graphite) rolled and joined into a seamless cylinder.The structure of the nanotube can be characterized by the width of this hypothetical strip (that is, the circumference c or diameter d of the tube) and the angle α of the strip relative to the main symmetry axes of the hexagonal ...
Carbonless copying provides an alternative to the use of carbon copying. Carbonless copy paper has micro-encapsulated dye or ink on the back side of the top sheet, and a clay coating on the front side of the bottom sheet. When pressure is applied (from writing or impact printing), the dye capsules rupture and react with the clay to duplicate ...
The spallation process results from the impact of cosmic rays (mostly fast protons) against the interstellar medium. These impacts fragment carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nuclei present. The process results in the light elements beryllium, boron, and lithium in the cosmos at much greater abundances than they are found within solar atmospheres.
About 8,100 plant species use C 4 carbon fixation, which represents about 3% of all terrestrial species of plants. [27] [28] All these 8,100 species are angiosperms. C 4 carbon fixation is more common in monocots compared with dicots, with 40% of monocots using the C 4 pathway [clarification needed], compared with only 4.5% of