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Substitute products or services can limit an industries profitability by putting a cap on prices. If an industry fails to differentiate from substitutes through one of the 3 above factors, substitutes will threaten profitability. [4] Factors influencing the threat of substitutes include:
A graphical representation of Porter's five forces. Porter's Five Forces Framework is a method of analysing the competitive environment of a business. It draws from industrial organization (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and, therefore, the attractiveness (or lack thereof) of an industry in terms of its profitability.
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That one industry is fast food. This past January alone, eight states “introduced or took new actions” on proposed legislation that would reduce child-labor protections, per EPI research .
A boycott was launched in the United States on July 4, 1977, against the Swiss-based multinational food and drink processing corporation Nestlé.The boycott expanded into Europe in the early 1980s and was prompted by concerns about Nestlé's aggressive marketing of infant formulas (i.e., substitutes for breast milk), particularly in underdeveloped countries.
The barrage of health news has investors worried packaged food players may have to reformulate products at a significant cost. The bad press isn't exactly great for business, either.
Perfect substitutes have a linear utility function and a constant marginal rate of substitution, see figure 3. [7] If goods X and Y are perfect substitutes, any different consumption bundle will result in the consumer obtaining the same utility level for all the points on the indifference curve (utility function). [8]