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On Unix-like operating systems, mkdir takes options. The options are: -p (--parents): parents or path, will also create all directories leading up to the given directory that do not exist already. For example, mkdir -p a/b will create directory a if it doesn't exist, then will create directory b inside directory a. If the given directory ...
The original Unix file system supported three types of files: ordinary files, directories, and "special files", also termed device files. [1] The Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) and System V each added a file type to be used for interprocess communication: BSD added sockets, [3] while System V added FIFO files.
Early Unix filesystems were referred to simply as FS.FS only included the boot block, superblock, a clump of inodes, and the data blocks.This worked well for the small disks early Unixes were designed for, but as technology advanced and disks grew larger, moving the head back and forth between the clump of inodes and the data blocks they referred to caused thrashing.
The rest of the files were put into the /usr directory. [27] When they got a third drive, users' files were moved to a new directory named /home. [28] FHS was created as the FSSTND (short for "Filesystem Standard" [29]), largely based on similar standards for other Unix-like operating systems.
In UNIX-like operating systems, each process has its own idea of what the root directory is. For most processes this is the same as the system's actual root directory, but it can be changed by calling the chroot system call. This is typically done to create a secluded environment to run software that requires legacy libraries and sometimes to ...
For example, if cd is executed without arguments in DOS, OS/2, or Windows, the current working directory is displayed (equivalent to Unix pwd). If cd is executed without arguments in Unix, the user is returned to the home directory. Executing the cd command within a script or batch file also has different effects in different operating systems.
The pushd ('push directory') command saves the current working directory to the stack then changes the working directory to the new path input by the user. If pushd is not provided with a path argument, in Unix it instead swaps the top two directories on the stack, which can be used to toggle between two directories.
In early versions of Unix, the root directory was the home directory of the root user, but modern Unix usually uses another directory such as /root for this purpose. In keeping with Unix philosophy, Unix systems treat directories as a type of file. [3]