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Quarks have fractional electric charge values – either (− 1 / 3 ) or (+ 2 / 3 ) times the elementary charge (e), depending on flavor. Up, charm, and top quarks (collectively referred to as up-type quarks) have a charge of + 2 / 3 e; down, strange, and bottom quarks (down-type quarks) have a charge of − 1 / 3 e.
Color charge is a property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Like electric charge, it determines how quarks and gluons interact through the strong force; however, rather than there being only positive and negative charges, there are three "charges", commonly called red, green, and blue.
The positively charged quarks (up, charm, and top quarks) are called up-type quarks and have T 3 = + + 1 / 2 ; the negatively charged quarks (down, strange, and bottom quarks) are called down-type quarks and have T 3 = − + 1 / 2 . Each doublet of up and down type quarks constitutes one generation of quarks.
Charge quantization is the principle that the charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary charge. Thus, an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not 1 / 2 e, or −3.8 e, etc. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined; see below.)
By convention, the sign of flavour quantum numbers agree with the sign of the electric charge carried by the quarks of corresponding flavour. The charm quark, which carries an electric charge (Q) of + 2 ⁄ 3, therefore carries a charm of +1. The charm antiquarks have the opposite charge (Q = − 2 ⁄ 3), and flavour quantum numbers (C = −1 ...
All quarks are assigned a baryon number of 1 / 3 . Up, charm and top quarks have an electric charge of + 2 / 3 , while the down, strange, and bottom quarks have an electric charge of − 1 / 3 . Antiquarks have the opposite quantum numbers. Quarks are spin- 1 / 2 particles, and thus fermions. Each quark or antiquark ...
Since u and d quarks have similar masses, particles made of the same number then also have similar masses. The exact specific u and d quark composition determines the charge, as u quarks carry charge + 2 / 3 while d quarks carry charge − 1 / 3 . For example, the four Deltas all have different charges (Δ ++ (uuu), Δ + (uud ...
It is part of the first generation of matter, has an electric charge of + 2 / 3 e and a bare mass of 2.2 +0.5 −0.4 MeV/c 2. [1] Like all quarks, the up quark is an elementary fermion with spin 1 / 2 , and experiences all four fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions.