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Diabetic retinopathy (also known as diabetic eye disease) is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes.It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries and one of the lead causes of sight loss in the world, even though there are many new therapies and improved treatments for helping people live with diabetes.
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis 50-60% have ophthalmologic manifestations, which can be a presenting feature in a minority of patients. Orbital disease is the most common manifestation, and may result in proptosis , restrictive ophthalmopathy , chronic orbital pain, and in chronic cases, orbital retraction syndrome and intractable socket pain.
The gold standard blood sugar test is the HbA1C test. Many studies have suggested that lowering HbA1C levels in someone with elevated HbA1C levels can lower the incidence and progression of retinopathy. Fortunately, blood sugar control can have benefits beyond just the eye. A primary care physician can help with blood sugar control strategies.
Photic retinopathy is damage to the eye's retina, particularly the macula, from prolonged exposure to solar radiation or other bright light, e.g., lasers or arc welders.The term includes solar, laser, and welder's retinopathy and is synonymous with retinal phototoxicity. [1]
Diabetic angiopathy is a form of angiopathy associated with diabetic complications. [1] While not exclusive, the two most common forms are diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy, whose pathophysiologies are largely identical.
Presence of diabetes mellitus (Appr. 70% type 1, 30% type 2) Optic disc edema (unilateral in 60% cases) Only mild optic nerve dysfunction; Disc edema is diagnosed by fundus examination using ophthalmoscopy or fundus photography. Fundus examination often reveals dilated telangiectatic vessels over the disc also. [4]
The causes of macular edema are numerous and different causes may be inter-related. It is commonly associated with diabetes.Chronic or uncontrolled diabetes type 2 can affect peripheral blood vessels including those of the retina which may leak fluid, blood and occasionally fats into the retina causing it to swell.
Wolfram syndrome, also called DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness), is a rare autosomal-recessive genetic disorder that causes childhood-onset diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness as well as various other possible disorders including neurodegeneration.