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However, it is claimed that now communion is perceived to reflect a particular part of female gender-related traits, a communal orientation. [1] Bakan (1996) had never explicitly pinpointed the construct of unmitigated communion, which was developed by other psychologists such as Vicki S. Helgeson and Heidi L. Fritz. [1]
Early men's studies scholars studied social construction of masculinity, [12] which the Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell is best known for.. Connell introduced the concept of hegemonic masculinity, describing it as a practice that legitimizes men's dominant position in society and justifies the subordination of the common male population and women, and other marginalized ways of being a man.
Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association. The journal is the official publication of APA Division 44 (Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues). [ 1 ]
Ambivalent sexism is a theoretical framework which posits that sexism has two sub-components: hostile sexism (HS) [1] and benevolent sexism (BS). [1] Hostile sexism reflects overtly negative evaluations and stereotypes about a gender (e.g., the ideas that women are incompetent and inferior to men).
In 1974, The Psychology of Sex Differences was published. It said that men and women behave more similarly than had been previously supposed. They also proposed that children have much power over what gender role they grow into, whether by choosing which parent to imitate, or doing activities such as playing with action figures or dolls. [15]
Gender is used as a means of describing the distinction between the biological sex and socialized aspects of femininity and masculinity. [9] According to West and Zimmerman, gender is not a personal trait; it is "an emergent feature of social situations: both as an outcome of and a rationale for various social arrangements, and as a means of legitimating one of the most fundamental divisions ...
A 2004 study published in the journal of Applied Cognitive Psychology found significantly higher male performance on four visuo-spatial working memory. [4] Another 2010 study published in the journal Brain and Cognition found a male advantage in spatial and object working memory on an n-back test but not for verbal working memory. [ 5 ]
The term gender is sometimes used by linguists to refer to social gender as well as grammatical gender. [103] Some languages, such as German or Finnish, have no separate words for sex and gender. German, for example, uses "Biologisches Geschlecht" for biological sex, and "Soziales Geschlecht" for gender when making this distinction. [ 104 ]