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The acid number for an oil sample is indicative of the age of the oil and can be used to determine when the oil must be changed. [5] A liquid fat sample combined with neutralized 95% ethanol is titrated with standardized sodium hydroxide of 0.1 eq/L normality to a phenolphthalein endpoint. The volume and normality of the sodium hydroxide are ...
A mascara tube and a wand applicator. Mascara (UK: / m ə ˈ s k ɑː r ə /, US: / m æ ˈ s k æ r ə /) [1] [2] is a cosmetic commonly used to enhance the upper and lower eyelashes.It is used to darken, thicken, lengthen, and/or define the eyelashes.
Phenolphthalein is slightly soluble in water and usually is dissolved in alcohols in experiments. It is a weak acid, which can lose H + ions in solution. The nonionized phenolphthalein molecule is colorless and the double deprotonated phenolphthalein ion is fuchsia. Further proton loss in higher pH occurs slowly and leads to a colorless form.
Animation of a strong acid–strong base neutralization titration (using phenolphthalein). The equivalence point is marked in red. In chemistry, neutralization or neutralisation (see spelling differences) is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react with an equivalent quantity of each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization ...
The phthalide core is found a variety of more complex chemical compounds including dyes (such as phenolphthalein), fungicides (such as tetrachlorophthalide, often referred to simply as "phthalide"), and natural oils (such as butylphthalide).
Before such use other substances generally must be added to make the solution isotonic. [3] Isotonic solutions containing water for injection can be given by injection into a vein, muscle, or under the skin. [4] A non-sterile version may be used in manufacturing with sterilization occurring later in the production process. [5]
Lipophilicity (from Greek λίπος "fat" and φίλος "friendly") is the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene. Such compounds are called lipophilic (translated as "fat-loving" or "fat-liking" [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ).
Unsaponifiables are components of a fatty substance (oil, fat, wax) that fail to form soaps when treated with alkali and remain insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. For instance, typical soybean oil contains, by weight, 1.5 – 2.5% of unsaponifiable matter.