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Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common and economically devastating infectious disease affecting beef cattle in the world. [1] It is a complex, bacterial or viral infection that causes pneumonia in calves which can be fatal.
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is pneumovirus closely related to human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) that is a common cause of respiratory disease in cattle, particularly calves. It is a negative-sense , single-stranded RNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm of the cell. [ 1 ]
ATCvet code QI02 Immunologicals for Bovidae [note 1] is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System for veterinary medicinal products, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products for veterinary use.
BRD is a concern for the cattle industry, so influenza D virus' possible involvement in BRD has led to research on vaccines for cattle that can provide protection against influenza D virus. [23] [26] Two antigenic lineages are in circulation: D/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (D/OK) and D/bovine/Oklahoma/660/2013 (D/660). [23]
The human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are the second most common causes of respiratory tract disease in infants and children. There are four types of HPIVs, known as HPIV-1, HPIV-2, HPIV-3 and HPIV-4. HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 may cause cold-like symptoms, along with croup in children. HPIV-3 is associated with bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia ...
Cattle receive nasal vaccines against diseases such as bovine herpesvirus 1, parainfluenza type 3, and bovine rhinotracheitis virus. [32] [33] As all three of these viruses are related to respiratory infection, using an intranasal route can bring the vaccine directly to the respiratory system.
Exposure to Parainfluenza-3 virus was detected in 20% of 50 WSMR animals tested for this pathogen, while two-thirds had been exposed to Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and almost all animals showed evidence of exposure to Bluetongue Virus as well as Malignant Catarrhal Fever. Pasteurella trehalosi was detected in oryx from San Andres NWR. [6]
Fusion glycoprotein trimer, Human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3). The viruses can be detected via cell culture , immunofluorescent microscopy , and PCR . [ 4 ] HPIVs remain the second main cause of hospitalisation in children under 5 years of age for a respiratory illness (only respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes more respiratory ...