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Cancer prevention is the practice of taking active measures to decrease the incidence of cancer and mortality. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The practice of prevention depends on both individual efforts to improve lifestyle and seek preventive screening , and socioeconomic or public policy related to cancer prevention. [ 3 ]
Examples include treatment of hypertension (a risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases), and cancer screenings. [19] Tertiary prevention Methods to reduce the harm of symptomatic disease, such as disability or death, through rehabilitation and treatment. [18] Examples include surgical procedures that halt the spread or progression of ...
Cancer immunoprevention is the prevention of cancer onset with immunological means such as vaccines, immunostimulators or antibodies. [1] [2] Cancer immunoprevention is conceptually different from cancer immunotherapy, which aims at stimulating immunity in patients only after tumor onset, however the same immunological means can be used both in immunoprevention and in immunotherapy.
In the example of breast cancer screening, women overdiagnosed with breast cancer might receive radiotherapy, which increases mortality due to lung cancer and heart disease. [36] The problem is those deaths are often classified as other causes and might even be larger than the number of breast cancer deaths avoided by screening.
Dietary recommendations for cancer prevention typically include weight management and eating a healthy diet, consisting mainly of "vegetables, fruit, whole grains and fish, and a reduced intake of red meat, animal fat, and refined sugar." [1] A healthy dietary pattern may lower cancer risk by 10–20%. [12]
Interventions intended to change the behaviour of individuals can be especially challenging. One such form is health promotion , where education and media may be used to promote healthy behaviours, such as eating healthy foods (to prevent obesity ), using condoms (to prevent the transmission of STDs ), or stopping open defecation in developing ...
Breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer are examples of cancer types that are prone to overdiagnosis. [10] The consequences of overdiagnosis and overtreatment resulting from cancer screening can lead to a decline in quality of life, due to the adverse effects of unnecessary medication and hospitalization. [10] [12] [13]
Cancer treatments are a wide range of treatments available for the many different types of cancer, with each cancer type needing its own specific treatment. [1] Treatments can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy including small-molecule drugs or monoclonal antibodies, [2] and PARP inhibitors such as olaparib. [3]