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This model uses cognitive appraisal as a way to explain responses to stressful events. [5]According to this theory, two distinct forms of cognitive appraisal must occur in order for an individual to feel stress in response to an event; Lazarus called these stages "primary appraisal" and "secondary appraisal". [5]
Transactional model, generally speaking, refers to a model in which interactions in two directions are considered together, for example from one person to another and back, or from one subsystem to another and back. Specifically, the term "transactional model" may refer, in biology and psychology, to the: Transactional model of stress and coping
Transactional Model of Stress and Coping of Richard Lazarus. Richard S. Lazarus (March 3, 1922 – November 24, 2002) was an American psychologist who began rising to prominence in the 1960s. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Lazarus as the 80th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. [1]
Transactional Model of Stress and Coping of Richard Lazarus. The structural model of appraisal helps to explain the relation between appraisals and the emotions they elicit. This model involves examination of the appraisal process as well as examination of how different appraisals influence which emotions are experienced.
Stress management was developed and premised on the idea that stress is not a direct response to a stressor but rather an individual's resources and abilities to cope and mediate the stress response which are amenable to change, thus allowing stress to be controllable. [7] [8] Transactional Model of Stress and Coping of Richard Lazarus
Specifically, the PSS is based upon Lazarus's original transactional model [1] of stress that argues the experience of a stressor is influenced by evaluations on the part of the person as to how well they can manage a stressor given their coping resources.
Transactional analysis integrates the theories of psychology and psychotherapy because it has elements of psychoanalytic, humanist and cognitive ideas. According to the International Transactional Analysis Association, [7] TA "is a theory of personality and a systematic psychotherapy for personal growth and personal change."
According to the Transactional Model, people deal with stressful situations by appraisals of stressor and resources. The primary appraisal deals with the individual meaning of the specific stressor, which is the care situation in this case. The secondary appraisal analyzes the own abilities and resources to cope with that situation.