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On the other hand, some constants, such as K f (the freezing point depression constant, or cryoscopic constant), depend on the identity of a substance, and so may be considered to describe the state of a system, and therefore may be considered physical properties. "Specific" properties are expressed on a per mass basis.
The three "standard" properties are in fact the three possible second derivatives of the Gibbs free energy with respect to temperature and pressure. Moreover, considering derivatives such as ∂ 3 G ∂ P ∂ T 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{3}G}{\partial P\partial T^{2}}}} and the related Schwartz relations, shows that the properties ...
A non-physical standard state is one whose properties are obtained by extrapolation from a physical state (for example, a solid superheated above the normal melting point, or an ideal gas at a condition where the real gas is non-ideal). Metastable liquids and solids are important because some substances can persist and be used in that state ...
Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to increase in length, area, or volume, changing its size and density, in response to an increase in temperature (usually excluding phase transitions). [1] Substances usually contract with decreasing temperature ( thermal contraction ), with rare exceptions within limited temperature ranges ( negative ...
A system is composed of particles, whose average motions define its properties, and those properties are in turn related to one another through equations of state. Properties can be combined to express internal energy and thermodynamic potentials , which are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and spontaneous processes .
A material property is an intensive property of a material, i.e., a physical property or chemical property that does not depend on the amount of the material. These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus another can be compared, thereby aiding in materials selection.
Thermophysical properties of matter and the kinetics of interaction and energy exchange among the principal carriers are based on the atomic-level configuration and interaction. [1] Transport properties such as thermal conductivity are calculated from these atomic-level properties using classical and quantum physics.
In physics, the thermal equation of state is a mathematical expression of pressure P, temperature T, and, volume V.The thermal equation of state for ideal gases is the ideal gas law, expressed as PV=nRT (where R is the gas constant and n the amount of substance), while the thermal equation of state for solids is expressed as: