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Surface modification is the act of modifying the surface of a material by bringing physical, chemical or biological characteristics different from the ones originally found on the surface of a material. [1] This modification is usually made to solid materials, but it is possible to find examples of the modification to the surface of specific ...
Surface roughness, often shortened to roughness, is a component of surface finish (surface texture). It is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small, the surface is smooth.
In materials science, asperity, defined as "unevenness of surface, roughness, ruggedness" (from the Latin asper—"rough" [1]), has implications (for example) in physics and seismology. Smooth surfaces, even those polished to a mirror finish, are not truly smooth on a microscopic scale.
The intrinsic permeability is the attribute primarily influenced by the pore structure, and the fundamental physical factors governing fluid flow and distribution are the grain surface-to-volume ratio and grain shape. [6] The idea that the pore space is made up of a network of channels through which fluid can flow is particularly helpful. Pore ...
In Wenzel state, adding surface roughness will enhance the wettability caused by the chemistry of the surface. The Wenzel correlation can be written as = where θ m is the measured contact angle, θ Y is the Young contact angle and r is the roughness ratio. The roughness ratio is defined as the ratio between the actual and projected ...
The roughness ratio, r, is a measure of how surface roughness affects a homogeneous surface. The roughness ratio is defined as the ratio of true area of the solid surface to the apparent area. θ is the contact angle for a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, defined for a perfectly flat surface.
Contact angle measurement (goniometry) can be used to find the surface energy of the treated and non-treated surface. Young's relation can be used to find surface energy assuming the simplification of experimental conditions to a three phase equilibrium (i.e. liquid drop applied to flat rigid solid surface in a controlled atmosphere), yielding
The pipe's relative roughness ε / D, where ε is the pipe's effective roughness height and D the pipe (inside) diameter. f stands for the Darcy friction factor. Its value depends on the flow's Reynolds number Re and on the pipe's relative roughness ε / D.