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Delocalizing the radical ion stabilizes the transition state structure. As a result, the energy of activation decreases, enhancing the rate of the overall reaction. According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [7]
An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. [1] This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects.
An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
Basic Economics is a non-fiction book by American economist Thomas Sowell published by Basic Books in 2000. The original subtitle was A Citizen's Guide to the Economy, but from the third edition in 2007 on it was subtitled A Common Sense Guide to the Economy.
“For example, a serving is three to four ounces of chicken or seafood, one ounce of nuts, six ounces of yogurt, and half a cup of cooked legumes,” she says.
Economics handbooks that form a series include, but are not limited to, the following: Cambridge Economic Handbooks – associated with Cambridge University Press in the U.K. It began in 1922 with volumes titled Supply and Demand [3] and Money. [4] Volumes in the series carry an often-cited introduction of J. M. Keynes, its first editor. [5]
are signs the economic gains have begun to expand beyond the oil and gas fields and that the promise of abundant, low-cost fuels will give a competitive edge to industries from steel, aluminum and automobiles to fertilizers and chemicals.” (Asjylyn Loder, “America’s Energy Seen Adding 3.6 Million Jobs Along With 3% GDP,” Bloomberg, 8/13/12)
At least 35 children were killed and six others critically injured in a crowd crush at a funfair in southwest Nigeria on Wednesday, police said. Eight people have been arrested for their alleged ...