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  2. Electronegativities of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the...

    Electronegativity is not a uniquely defined property and may depend on the definition. The suggested values are all taken from WebElements as a consistent set. Many of the highly radioactive elements have values that must be predictions or extrapolations, but are unfortunately not marked as such.

  3. Electronegativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity

    Electronegativity, symbolized as χ, is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. [1] An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The higher the ...

  4. Periodic table (electron configurations) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron...

    Configurations of elements 109 and above are not available. Predictions from reliable sources have been used for these elements. Grayed out electron numbers indicate subshells filled to their maximum. Bracketed noble gas symbols on the left represent inner configurations that are the same in each period. Written out, these are: He, 2, helium : 1s 2

  5. Electron configurations of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurations_of...

    Note that these electron configurations are given for neutral atoms in the gas phase, which are not the same as the electron configurations for the same atoms in chemical environments. In many cases, multiple configurations are within a small range of energies and the irregularities shown below do not necessarily have a clear relation to ...

  6. Electron affinity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_affinity

    A list of the electron affinities was used by Robert S. Mulliken to develop an electronegativity scale for atoms, equal to the average of the electrons affinity and ionization potential. [2] [3] Other theoretical concepts that use electron affinity include electronic chemical potential and chemical hardness.

  7. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    Shape of water molecule showing that the real bond angle 104.5° deviates from the ideal sp 3 angle of 109.5°.. In chemistry, Bent's rule describes and explains the relationship between the orbital hybridization and the electronegativities of substituents.

  8. Oxidation state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state

    The diatomic superoxide ion O − 2 has an overall charge of −1, so each of its two equivalent oxygen atoms is assigned an oxidation state of − ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠. This ion can be described as a resonance hybrid of two Lewis structures, where each oxygen has an oxidation state of 0 in one structure and −1 in the other. For the cyclopentadienyl ...

  9. Negative air ions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_air_ions

    Due to the strong electronegativity of oxygen and oxygen-containing molecules, they can easily capture free electrons to form negatively charged air ions, most of which are superoxide radicals ·O 2 −, so NAI is mainly composed of negative oxygen ions, also called air negative oxygen ions.