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Quantum dots (QDs) or semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size with optical and electronic properties that differ from those of larger particles via quantum mechanical effects. They are a central topic in nanotechnology and materials science.
Quantum biology is the study of applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to aspects of biology that cannot be accurately described by the classical laws of physics. [1] An understanding of fundamental quantum interactions is important because they determine the properties of the next level of organization in biological systems.
For quantum dots to be solubilized in water, the amphiphilic ligands must be on the surface of quantum dots. DNA can be used as a solubilization ligand due to its amphiphilic nature. [1] This allows quantum dots functionalized with DNA to be used in the aqueous conditions often found in biology and medical research.
Different sized quantum dots emit different colour light due to quantum confinement. Quantum engineering is the development of technology that capitalizes on the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum engineering uses quantum mechanics as a toolbox for the development of quantum technologies, such as quantum sensors or quantum computers.
Silicon quantum dots are metal-free biologically compatible quantum dots with photoluminescence emission maxima that are tunable through the visible to near-infrared spectral regions. These quantum dots have unique properties arising from their indirect band gap , including long-lived luminescent excited-states and large Stokes shifts .
In 1993, Murray, Norris and Bawendi published a breakthrough paper describing the hot injection synthesis method for making quantum dots. [9] Both Murray's and Bawendi's contributions to the synthesis and characterization of semiconductor quantum dots were recognized by the American Chemical Society with its 1997 Nobel Laureate Signature Award. [7]
The dots can be random in size, can be made of bio-inert material, and they demonstrate the nanoscale property that color is size-dependent. As a result, sizes are selected so that the frequency of light used to make a group of quantum dots fluoresce is an even multiple of the frequency required to make another group incandesce.
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are graphene nanoparticles with a size less than 100 nm. [1] Due to their exceptional properties such as low toxicity, stable photoluminescence , chemical stability and pronounced quantum confinement effect, GQDs are considered as a novel material for biological, opto-electronics, energy and environmental applications.