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Crystallized intelligence (g c) includes learned procedures and knowledge. It reflects the effects of experience and acculturation. It reflects the effects of experience and acculturation. Horn notes that crystallized ability is a "precipitate out of experience," resulting from the prior application of fluid ability that has been combined with ...
Vernon's model about intelligence looks similar to the fluid-crystallized (Gf-Gc) intelligence theory because they both agree with g factor and have two more different dimensions on intelligence structure. In fact, Gf-Gc model has more broad factors such as special visualization (Gv), retrieval (Gr) or speed factor (Gs).
The Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory (commonly abbreviated to CHC), is a psychological theory on the structure of human cognitive abilities. Based on the work of three psychologists, Raymond B. Cattell , John L. Horn and John B. Carroll , the Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory is regarded as an important theory in the study of human intelligence.
The g-VPR model is a model of human intelligence published in 2005 by psychology professors Wendy Johnson [1] and Thomas J. Bouchard Jr. (Johnson & Bouchard, 2005) [2] They developed the model by analyzing Gf-Gc theory, John Carroll’s Three-stratum theory and Vernon’s verbal-perceptual model. [2] The g-VPR model is a four stratum model:
Despite the ongoing debate about the cognitive processes involved in human reasoning, recent research has shown that multiple approaches can be useful in modeling human thinking. For instance, studies have found that people's reasoning is often influenced by their prior beliefs, which can be modeled using Bayesian probability theory. [21]
Piaget's operativity is considered to be prior to, and ultimately provides the foundation for, everyday learning, [12] much like fluid ability's relation to crystallized intelligence. [86] Piaget's theory also aligns with another psychometric theory, namely the psychometric theory of g, general intelligence. Piaget designed a number of tasks to ...
Cattell theorized the existence of fluid and crystallized intelligence to explain human cognitive ability, [20] investigated changes in Gf and Gc over the lifespan, [21] and constructed the Culture Fair Intelligence Test to minimize the bias of written language and cultural background in intelligence testing.
In the study of malleable intelligence, behavioral factors are often the most intriguing because these are factors humans can seek to control. There are numerous behavioral factors that affect intellectual development and neural plasticity. The key is plasticity, which is caused by experience-driven electrical activation of neurons.