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A root of degree 2 is called a square root and a root of degree 3, a cube root. Roots of higher degree are referred by using ordinal numbers, as in fourth root, twentieth root, etc. The computation of an n th root is a root extraction. For example, 3 is a square root of 9, since 3 2 = 9, and −3 is also a square root of 9, since (−3) 2 = 9.
In elementary algebra, root rationalisation (or rationalization) is a process by which radicals in the denominator of an algebraic fraction are eliminated.. If the denominator is a monomial in some radical, say , with k < n, rationalisation consists of multiplying the numerator and the denominator by , and replacing by x (this is allowed, as, by definition, a n th root of x is a number that ...
has no real number solution since no real number squared equals −1. Sometimes a quadratic equation has a root of multiplicity 2, such as: (+) = For this equation, −1 is a root of multiplicity 2. This means −1 appears twice, since the equation can be rewritten in factored form as
[8] [9] In programming languages such as Ada, [10] Fortran, [11] Perl, [12] Python [13] and Ruby, [14] a double asterisk is used, so x 2 is written as x ** 2. The plus–minus sign , ±, is used as a shorthand notation for two expressions written as one, representing one expression with a plus sign, the other with a minus sign.
In a wider sense, it also includes exponentiation, extraction of roots, and logarithm. [2] The term "arithmetic" has its root in the Latin term " arithmetica " which derives from the Ancient Greek words ἀριθμός (arithmos), meaning "number", and ἀριθμητική τέχνη (arithmetike tekhne), meaning "the art of counting".
Since taking the square root is the same as raising to the power 1 / 2 , the following is also an algebraic expression: 1 − x 2 1 + x 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {1-x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}}}} An algebraic equation is an equation involving polynomials , for which algebraic expressions may be solutions .
A root of a nonzero univariate polynomial P is a value a of x such that P(a) = 0. In other words, a root of P is a solution of the polynomial equation P(x) = 0 or a zero of the polynomial function defined by P. In the case of the zero polynomial, every number is a zero of the corresponding function, and the concept of root is rarely considered.
In mathematics, an expansion of a product of sums expresses it as a sum of products by using the fact that multiplication distributes over addition. Expansion of a polynomial expression can be obtained by repeatedly replacing subexpressions that multiply two other subexpressions, at least one of which is an addition, by the equivalent sum of products, continuing until the expression becomes a ...