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Some of these can be attributed to the changes that occur in the process of aging, but many are also caused by diseases that accompany seniority. The distinction between so-called normal aging and pathological changes is critical to the care of elderly people. Anesthesia and surgery has become more common as the population survives longer.
Gynecomastia is the most common benign disorder of the male breast tissue and affects 35 percent of men, being most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 69. [5] [9] New cases of gynecomastia are common in three age populations: newborns, adolescents, and men older than 50 years. [58]
Seroma is the most common surgical complication after breast surgery. It is due to the presence of rich lymphatic system in the breast, low fibrinogen levels in lymph fluid and potential space creation in the breast after surgery, which contributes to seroma formation. Seroma is more common in older and obese people. [7]
Breast reconstruction surgery is the rebuilding of the breast after breast cancer surgery, and is included in holistic approaches to cancer management to address identity and emotional aspects of the disease. Reconstruction can take place at the same time as cancer-removing surgery, or months to years later.
Prophylactic surgery (also known as preventive surgery or risk-reducing surgery) is a form of surgery most commonly intended to minimize or eliminate the risk of the patient developing cancer in an organ or gland before development occurs. This can be a life-saving procedure for those at high risk of developing cancer in certain organs.
Postanesthetic shivering is one of the leading causes of discomfort in patients recovering from general anesthesia. It usually results due to the anesthetic inhibiting the body's thermoregulatory capability, although cutaneous vasodilation (triggered by post-operative pain) may also be a causative factor.
Men with breast cancer have an absolute risk of presenting with a second cancer in their other breast of 1.75, i.e. they have a 75% increase of developing a contralateral breast cancer over their lifetimes compared to men who develop a breast cancer without having had a prior breast cancer. [5]
Elderly women with breast cancer were reviewed and, although it was standard of care to perform mastectomy, Rosenberg's work, along with others at Jefferson University Hospital, confirmed that elderly women could be effectively treated with breast conservation and should be offered all surgical options, as the new standard of care.