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2. Phase-contrast microscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-contrast_microscopy

   Phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) is an optical microscopy technique that converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brightness changes in the image. Phase shifts themselves are invisible, but become visible when shown as brightness variations.

3. Differential interference contrast microscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_interference...

   Micrasterias furcata imaged in transmitted DIC microscopy Laser-induced optical damage in LiNbO 3 under 150× Nomarski microscopy. Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, also known as Nomarski interference contrast (NIC) or Nomarski microscopy, is an optical microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples.

4. Phase-contrast imaging - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-contrast_imaging

   In the field of transmission electron microscopy, phase-contrast imaging may be employed to image columns of individual atoms; a more common name is high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It is the highest resolution imaging technique ever developed, and can allow for resolutions of less than one angstrom (less than 0.1 nanometres).

5. Optical microscope - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope

   The optical microscope, also referred to as a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century.

6. Interference reflection microscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_reflection...

   Interference reflection microscopy (IRM), also called Reflection Interference Contrast Microscopy (RICM) or Reflection Contrast Microscopy (RCM) depending on the specific optical elements used, is an optical microscopy technique that leverages thin-film interference effects to form an image of an object on a glass surface.

7. Condenser (optics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(optics)

   Many older microscopes house these elements in a turret-type condenser, these elements are housed in a turret below the condenser lens and rotated into place. Specialised condensers are also used as part of Differential Interference Contrast and Hoffman Modulation Contrast systems, which aim to improve contrast and visibility of transparent ...

8. Contrast transfer function - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_transfer_function

   The effect of the contrast transfer function can be seen in the alternating light and dark rings (Thon rings), which show the relation between contrast and spatial frequency. The contrast transfer function (CTF) mathematically describes how aberrations in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) modify the image of a sample.

9. Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffman_modulation...

   Like differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC microscopy), contrast is increased by using components in the light path which convert phase gradients in the specimen into differences in light intensity that are rendered in an image that appears three-dimensional. The 3D appearance may be misleading, as a feature which appears to cast a ...