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Most children with vesicoureteral reflux are asymptomatic. Vesicoureteral reflux may be diagnosed as a result of further evaluation of dilation of the kidney or ureters draining urine from the kidney while in utero as well as when a sibling has VUR (though routine testing in either circumstance is controversial).
Reflux nephropathy is a direct consequence of VUR or other urologic congenital anomalies stemming from chronic high-pressure sterile urine reflux and often leads to recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the early childhood.
593.7 Vesicoureteral reflux, unspec. 593.73 Vesicoureteral reflux w/ nephropathy; 594 Calculus of lower urinary tract; 595 Cystitis. 595.0 Cystitis, acute; 595.1 Cystitis, interstitial, chronic. 595.82 Cystitis, irradiation; 596 Other disorders of bladder. 596.0 Bladder neck obstruction; 596.4 Atony of bladder; 596.5 Other functional disorders ...
In urology, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is a frequently performed technique for visualizing a person's urethra and urinary bladder while the person urinates (voids). It is used in the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux (kidney reflux), among other disorders. [1]
Contralateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction is found in 3% to 12% of infants with multicystic kidney and contralateral vesicoureteral reflux is seen even more often, in 18% to 43% of infants. Because the high incidence of reflux, voiding cystourethrography usually has been considered advisable in all newborns with a multicystic kidney.
The technique is safe and effective and results in improved kidney and upper urinary tract status, lessening of vesicoureteral reflux and amelioration of continence. [5] In addition to the clinical benefits, patient quality of life is enhanced by the increased independence and security offered by self-catheterization. [6] [7]
In children UTIs are associated with vesicoureteral reflux (an abnormal movement of urine from the bladder into ureters or kidneys) and constipation. [28] Persons with spinal cord injury are at increased risk for urinary tract infection in part because of chronic use of catheter, and in part because of voiding dysfunction. [52]
Asymptomatic bacteriuria generally does not require treatment. [4] Exceptions include those undergoing surgery of the urinary tract, children with vesicoureteral reflux or others with structural abnormalities of the urinary tract. [4] [22] In many countries, regional guidelines recommend treatment of pregnant women. [8]