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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC [1]) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults and is currently the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis. [2] HCC is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.
Primary liver cancer is globally the sixth-most frequent cancer and the fourth-leading cause of death from cancer. [7] [10] In 2018, it occurred in 841,000 people and resulted in 782,000 deaths globally. [7] Higher rates of liver cancer occur where hepatitis B and C are common, including Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. [3]
Normal levels of ALP range from (44 to 147) U/L (units per liter) and significantly elevated levels may be an indication of conditions such as various types of cancer, bone diseases such as Paget disease, liver diseases such as hepatitis, blood disorders, or other conditions.
However, liver and stomach cancer are primarily due to infectious causes. Liver cancer is largely caused by infectious hepatitis B virus (HBV) plus hepatitis C virus (HBC) and stomach cancer is largely caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria. World-wide, the estimated number of people chronically infected with HBV and/or HCV is ~325 million. [8]
An official estimate puts the number of Americans infected with chronic hepatitis C at 2.4 million, according to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services.
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) [3] is a small (55–65 nm in size), enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. The hepatitis C virus is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, abbreviated HCC) and lymphomas in humans. [4] [5]
The blood borne viruses (B, C) can cause both acute and chronic liver disease and can be transmitted from mother to child during birth, through contact with body fluids during sex, unsafe injections and through unscreened blood transfusions. [5] The most common types of hepatitis can be prevented or treated. [6]
Percentage of people infected with hepatitis C in 2015. The hepatitis C virus is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, abbreviated HCC) and lymphomas in humans. [1] [2] [3] An oncovirus or oncogenic virus is a virus that can cause cancer. [4]