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CD68 immunostaining demonstrating macrophages and giant cells in a case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis CD68 ( C luster of D ifferentiation 68) is a protein highly expressed by cells in the monocyte lineage (e.g., monocytic phagocytes , osteoclasts ), by circulating macrophages , and by tissue macrophages (e.g., Kupffer cells , microglia ).
However, the term histiocyte has been used for multiple purposes in the past, and some cells called "histocytes" do not appear to derive from monocytic-macrophage lines. [3] The term Histiocyte can also simply refer to a cell from monocyte origin outside the blood system, such as in a tissue (as in rheumatoid arthritis as palisading histiocytes ...
Immunohistochemistry demonstrates that vascular endothelial cells are positive for Factor VIII, vimentin, CD31, and CD34 antibodies, [11] [12] but negative for Bcl-2 and HHV-8 antigens. [13] [14] Vimentin, Factor XIIIa, CD68, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and lysozyme are expressed by mononuclear cells, [11] [13] although neither S100 nor CD1a are. [12]
Ischemia results in tissue damage in a process known as ischemic cascade. The damage is the result of the build-up of metabolic waste products, inability to maintain cell membranes , mitochondrial damage, and eventual leakage of autolyzing proteolytic enzymes into the cell and surrounding tissues.
Necrotizing vasculitis, also called systemic necrotizing vasculitis, [1] is a general term for the inflammation of veins and arteries that develops into necrosis and narrows the vessels. [ 2 ] Tumors , medications, allergic reactions , and infectious organisms are some of the recognized triggers for these conditions, even though the precise ...
Vascular disease is a class of diseases of the vessels of the circulatory system in the body, including blood vessels – the arteries and veins, and the lymphatic vessels. Vascular disease is a subgroup of cardiovascular disease .
As many remember from high school chemistry class, nitric oxide is a gas naturally produced by the body that promotes blood vessel dilation and, in doing so, encourages blood flow. And while every ...
Some types of vasculitis display leukocytoclasis, which is vascular damage caused by nuclear debris from infiltrating neutrophils. [37] It typically presents as palpable purpura. [ 37 ] Conditions with leucocytoclasis mainly include hypersensitivity vasculitis (also called leukocytoclastic vasculitis) and cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis (also ...