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CD68 immunostaining demonstrating macrophages and giant cells in a case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis CD68 ( C luster of D ifferentiation 68) is a protein highly expressed by cells in the monocyte lineage (e.g., monocytic phagocytes , osteoclasts ), by circulating macrophages , and by tissue macrophages (e.g., Kupffer cells , microglia ).
Immunohistochemistry demonstrates that vascular endothelial cells are positive for Factor VIII, vimentin, CD31, and CD34 antibodies, [11] [12] but negative for Bcl-2 and HHV-8 antigens. [13] [14] Vimentin, Factor XIIIa, CD68, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and lysozyme are expressed by mononuclear cells, [11] [13] although neither S100 nor CD1a are. [12]
The mononuclear phagocytic system is part of the organism's immune system. The histiocyte is a tissue macrophage [1] or a dendritic cell [2] (histio, diminutive of histo, meaning tissue, and cyte, meaning cell). Part of their job is to clear out neutrophils once they've reached the end of their lifespan.
Giant cells are also known to develop when infections are present. They were first observed as early as the middle of the last century, but it is not fully understood why these reactions occur. In the process of giant cell formation, monocytes or macrophages fuse together, which could cause multiple problems for the immune system. [citation needed]
Anatomical terms of microanatomy [ edit on Wikidata ] A megakaryocyte (from mega- 'large' karyo- ' cell nucleus ' and -cyte ' cell ') is a large bone marrow cell with a lobated nucleus that produces blood platelets (thrombocytes), which are necessary for normal clotting .
Vascular disease is a class of diseases of the vessels of the circulatory system in the body, including blood vessels – the arteries and veins, and the lymphatic vessels. Vascular disease is a subgroup of cardiovascular disease .
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Chronic vasoconstriction is associated with hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. Moreover, impaired blood flow resulting from abnormal vasoconstriction may contribute to tissue ischemia, which can be observed in conditions like Raynaud's disease.
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