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As an example, given a concentration of 260 mg/m 3 at sea level, calculate the equivalent concentration at an altitude of 1,800 meters: C a = 260 × 0.9877 18 = 208 mg/m 3 at 1,800 meters altitude Standard conditions for gas volumes
where: mg/m 3 = milligrams of pollutant per cubic meter of air at sea level atmospheric pressure and T: ppmv = air pollutant concentration, in parts per million by volume
In a solution where only CO 2 affects the pH, carbonate hardness can be used to calculate the concentration of dissolved CO 2 in the solution with the formula CO 2 = 3 × KH × 10 (7-pH), where KH is degrees of carbonate hardness and CO 2 is given in ppm by weight. [citation needed]
A degree of General Hardness (dGH or 'German degree' (°dH, deutsche Härte)) is defined as 10 mg/L CaO or 17.848 ppm. A Clark degree (°Clark) or English degree (°e or e) is defined as one grain (64.8 mg) of CaCO 3 per Imperial gallon (4.55 litres) of water, equivalent to 14.254 ppm.
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Data from 2009 found that the global mean CO 2 concentration was rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating. [24] [25] The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO 2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 [26] [27] although this concentration had already been reached in the Arctic in June 2012. [28]
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Water chemists measure water impurities in parts per million (ppm). For understandability, hardness ordinarily is expressed in grains of hardness per gallon of water (gpg). The two systems can be converted mathematically.