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Ruthenium is the only 4d transition metal that can assume the group oxidation state +8, and even then it is less stable there than the heavier congener osmium: this is the first group from the left of the table where the second and third-row transition metals display notable differences in chemical behavior.
The properties of ruthenium and osmium compounds are often similar. The +2, +3, and +4 states are the most common. The +2, +3, and +4 states are the most common. The most prevalent precursor is ruthenium trichloride , a red solid that is poorly defined chemically but versatile synthetically.
With its similar properties to and lower cost than rhodium, electric contacts are a major use of ruthenium. The ruthenium plate is applied to the electrical contact and electrode base metal by electroplating or sputtering. Osmium is a hard but brittle metal that remains lustrous even at high temperatures. It has a very low compressibility.
The platinum-group metals [a] (PGMs) are six noble, precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table. These elements are all transition metals in the d-block (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6). [1] The six platinum-group metals are ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum.
Ruthenium(IV) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Ru O 2. This black solid is the most common oxide of ruthenium . It is widely used as an electrocatalyst for producing chlorine, chlorine oxides, and O 2 . [ 1 ]
Anhydrous ruthenium(III) chloride is usually prepared by heating powdered ruthenium metal with chlorine. In the original synthesis, the chlorination was conducted in the presence of carbon monoxide, the product being carried by the gas stream and crystallising upon cooling. [1] [2] Two polymorphs of RuCl 3 are known.
The hapticity of the hexamethylbenzene ligand in Ru(C 6 Me 6) 2 depends on the oxidation state of the metal centre: [14] The compound Ru is capable of dimerizing norbornadiene: Norbornadiene dimerization. Multinuclear organo-ruthenium complexes have been investigated for anti-cancer properties.
For example, ruthenium ammine complexes are typically +2 or +3. The fact that the oxidation states are half-integer indicates that the two Ru(NH 3) 5 centers are equivalent in terms of their number of electrons. Crystallographic and theoretical studies are consistent with this description, that is, the two metal centers are equivalent.