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The mean anomaly at epoch, M 0, is defined as the instantaneous mean anomaly at a given epoch, t 0. This value is sometimes provided with other orbital elements to enable calculations of the object's past and future positions along the orbit.
An orbiting body's mean longitude is calculated L = Ω + ω + M, where Ω is the longitude of the ascending node, ω is the argument of the pericenter and M is the mean anomaly, the body's angular distance from the pericenter as if it moved with constant speed rather than with the variable speed of an elliptical orbit.
where M 1 and M 0 are the mean anomalies at particular points in time, and Δt (≡ t 1-t 0) is the time elapsed between the two. M 0 is referred to as the mean anomaly at epoch t 0, and Δt is the time since epoch.
where the epoch is expressed in terms of Terrestrial Time, with an equivalent Julian date. Four of the elements are independent of any particular coordinate system: M is mean anomaly (deg), n: mean daily motion (deg/d), a: size of semi-major axis (AU), e: eccentricity (dimensionless).
Flyby anomaly, an unexpected energy increase during the flybys of the Earth by various satellites; Mean anomaly, a measure of time in the study of orbital dynamics; Pioneer anomaly, the observed deviation of the trajectories of some uncrewed space probes, and especially Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11
where is the mean anomaly, is the eccentric anomaly, and is the eccentricity.. The 'eccentric anomaly' is useful to compute the position of a point moving in a Keplerian orbit.
Such functions can be expressed as periodic series of any continuously increasing angular variable, [6] and the variable of most interest is the mean anomaly, M. Because it increases uniformly with time, expressing any other variable as a series in mean anomaly is essentially the same as expressing it in terms of time.
Gravity anomaly, difference between the observed gravity and a value predicted from a model Bouguer anomaly, anomaly in gravimetry; Free-air anomaly, gravity anomaly that has been computed for latitude and corrected for elevation of the station; Iridium anomaly, an unusual abundance of what is normally a very rare element in the Earth's crust