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Earth observation satellite missions developed by the ESA as of 2019. Earth observation satellites are Earth-orbiting spacecraft with sensors used to collect imagery and measurements of the surface of the earth. These satellites are used to monitor short-term weather, long-term climate change, natural disasters.
A satellite in a geostationary orbit appears stationary, always at the same point in the sky, to ground observers. Popularly or loosely, the term "geosynchronous" may be used to mean geostationary. [1] Specifically, geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) may be a synonym for geosynchronous equatorial orbit, [2] or geostationary Earth orbit. [3]
The first artificial satellite launched into the Earth's orbit was the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957. As of December 31, 2022, there are 6,718 operational satellites in the Earth's orbit, of which 4,529 belong to the United States (3,996 commercial), 590 belong to China, 174 belong to Russia, and 1,425 belong to other nations. [1]
A geostationary orbit, also referred to as a geosynchronous equatorial orbit [a] (GEO), is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's equator, 42,164 km (26,199 mi) in radius from Earth's center, and following the direction of Earth's rotation.
This works out to an altitude of 35,786 km (22,236 mi). Both complete one full orbit of Earth per sidereal day (relative to the stars, not the Sun). High Earth orbit: geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit (35,786 km or 22,236 mi). [8]
The Earth observation satellites of UAE, DubaiSat-1 & DubaiSat-2 are also placed in Low Earth orbits (LEO) orbits and providing satellite imagery of various parts of the Earth. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] To get global coverage with a low orbit, a polar orbit is used.
Animation (not to scale) showing geosynchronous satellite orbiting the Earth. A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GSO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds (one sidereal day). The synchronization of rotation and orbital period means that, for ...
Earth orbit (191-637 km) [2] Proton-4: USSR: 16 Nov 1968: 24 Jul 1969: Earth orbit (248-477 km) [3] Small Astronomy Satellite 2 (SAS-B) NASA: 15 Nov 1972: 8 Jun 1973: Earth orbit (443–632 km) [4] [5] Cos-B: ESA: 9 Aug 1975: 25 Apr 1982: Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km) [6] [7] [8] High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3: NASA: 20 Sep 1979: 29 May ...