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Nerve conduction studies are also used for evaluation of paresthesias (numbness, tingling, burning) and/or weakness of the arms and legs. [6] The type of study required is dependent in part by the symptoms presented. A physical exam and thorough history also help to direct the investigation. [6]
The hand is grasped like a handshake and the arm is moved in various directions to determine the tone. [1] The tone is the baseline contractions of the muscles at rest. The tone may be normal or abnormal which would indicate an underlying pathology. The tone could be lower than normal (floppy) or it could be higher (stiff or rigid).
The test is performed by using a tendon hammer to quickly depress the biceps brachii tendon [3] as it passes through the cubital fossa. Specifically, the test activates the stretch receptors inside the biceps brachii muscle which communicates mainly with the C5 spinal nerve and partially with the C6 spinal nerve to induce a reflex contraction ...
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired. This typically includes a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history, [1] but not deeper investigation such as neuroimaging.
Normal impulses in peripheral nerves of the legs travel at 40–45 m/s, and those in peripheral nerves of the arms at 50–65 m/s. [7] Largely generalized, normal conduction velocities for any given nerve will be in the range of 50–60 m/s.
The brachioradialis reflex (also known as supinator reflex) is observed during a neurological exam by striking the brachioradialis tendon (at its insertion at the base of the wrist into the radial styloid process (radial side of wrist around 4 inches proximal to base of thumb)) directly with a reflex hammer when the patient's arm is relaxing.
The shoulder abduction relief test, also called Bakody's test, is a medical maneuver used to evaluate for cervical radiculopathy. [1] Specifically, this test is used to evaluate for nerve root compression at C5-C7. It is often used when a patient presents with neck pain that radiates down the ipsilateral upper extremity. [2]
The test can be performed by tapping the triceps tendon [3] [note 1] with the sharp end of a reflex hammer while the forearm is hanging loose at a right angle to the arm. A sudden contraction of the triceps muscle causes extension, [note 2] and indicates a normal reflex.