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It is an open question what is the smallest number (,), such that any n-variate, non-negative polynomial of degree d can be written as sum of at most (,) square rational functions over the reals. An upper bound due to Pfister in 1967 is: [8]
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
Of the cleanly formulated Hilbert problems, numbers 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, and 20 have resolutions that are accepted by consensus of the mathematical community. Problems 1, 2, 5, 6, [g] 9, 11, 12, 15, 21, and 22 have solutions that have partial acceptance, but there exists some controversy as to whether they resolve the problems.
Hilbert's seventh problem; Gelfond–Schneider theorem; Erdős–Borwein constant; Liouville number; Irrationality measure; Simple continued fraction. Mathematical constant (sorted by continued fraction representation) Khinchin's constant; Lévy's constant; Lochs' theorem; Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator; Minkowski's question mark function
Rational numbers are defined as pairs of integers where the first number represents the numerator and the second number represents the denominator. For example, the pair (3, 7) represents the rational number . [153] One way to construct the real numbers relies on the concept of Dedekind cuts.
Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers , finite fields , and function fields .
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