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Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is the translation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. [1] In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation).
In semantics, the best-known types of semantic equivalence are dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence (two terms coined by Eugene Nida), which employ translation approaches that focus, respectively, on conveying the meaning of the source text; and that lend greater importance to preserving, in the translation, the literal structure of the source text.
In 1981, Peter Newmark referred to translation as either semantic (word-for-word) or communicative (sense-for-sense). [19] He stated that semantic translation is one that is source language bias, literal and faithful to the source text and communicative translation is target language bias, free and idiomatic. [20]
In linguistics, a calque (/ k æ l k /) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation.When used as a verb, “to calque” means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new word or phrase in the target language.
Literal and figurative language is a distinction that exists in all natural languages; it is studied within certain areas of language analysis, in particular stylistics, rhetoric, and semantics. Literal language is the usage of words exactly according to their direct, straightforward, or conventionally accepted meanings : their denotation .
Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus trans-+ liter-) in predictable ways, such as Greek α → a , Cyrillic д → d , Greek χ → the digraph ch , Armenian ն → n or Latin æ → ae .
The translation is not necessarily in alignment with the morpheme segmented line (e.g., camel is the last word in the translation but the second word in the morpheme segmented line). Some words in the morpheme segmented line have multiple correspondences in the gloss (e.g., anu:be.NEG).
A semantic loan is a process of borrowing semantic meaning (rather than lexical items) from another language, very similar to the formation of calques.In this case, however, the complete word in the borrowing language already exists; the change is that its meaning is extended to include another meaning its existing translation has in the lending language.