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Birching in a women's prison, US (c. 1890) 1839 caricature by George Cruikshank of a school flogging Edmund Bonner punishing a heretic in Foxe's Book of Martyrs (1563) It was the most common school and judicial punishment in Europe up to the mid-19th century, when caning gained increasing popularity.
Articles relating to the domestic donkey (Equus africanus asinus). It is a hoofed mammal in the family Equidae, the same family as the horse. It derives from the African wild ass, Equus africanus. It was domesticated in Africa some 5000–7000 years ago,and has been used mainly as a working animal since that time.
The Fariñeiro is smaller than other mainland Spanish donkey breeds; it stands about 1.00-1.20 metres at the withers and weighs 120–180 kg. The coat is fine, dense and smooth, of medium length; it is grey or pale brown in colour, and paler on the underparts. The darker dorsal stripe and shoulder-stripe may be more or less distinct. [3]
Judicial birching was abolished in the Isle of Man in 1993 following the 1978 judgment in Tyrer v. UK by the European Court of Human Rights. [64] The last birching had taken place in January 1976; the last caning, of a 13-year-old boy convicted of robbing another child of 10p, was the last recorded juvenile case in May 1971. [65]
An adult male donkey is a jack or jackass, an adult female is a jenny or jennet, [4] [5] [6] and an immature donkey of either sex is a foal. [6] Jacks are often mated with female horses (mares) to produce mules ; the less common hybrid of a male horse (stallion) and jenny is a hinny .
Switches are typically made of strong and flexible wood such as hazel, birch, or hickory. [citation needed] Willow branches are also used, as well as branches from strong trees and large shrubs.
The Martina Franca donkey was in the past used as a beast of burden and as a light draught animal, but its principal use was in the production of mules, particularly when crossed with the Murgese horse to produce the well-known mulo martinese, or "mule of Martina Franca", which was exported throughout Italy and much used in the First World War.
Pillories were a common form of punishment.. Public humiliation exists in many forms. In general, a criminal sentenced to one of many forms of this punishment could expect themselves be placed (restrained) in a central, public, or open location so that their fellow citizens could easily witness the sentence and, in some cases, participate as a form of "mob justice".