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  2. Environmental racism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_racism

    Environmental racism, ecological racism, or ecological apartheid is a form of racism leading to negative environmental outcomes such as landfills, incinerators, and hazardous waste disposal disproportionately impacting communities of color, violating substantive equality.

  3. Scientific racism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism

    Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", [1] [2] [3] and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority.

  4. Symbolic racism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_racism

    These names include modern racism, racial resentment, and laissez-faire racism. While slight differences exist between the different terms, all share the same bottom line of prejudice towards black people. [17] While similar in nature, symbolic racism is distinguished from aversive racism based on the relationships between the defining ...

  5. Cultural racism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_racism

    The Spanish sociologist Ramón Flecha instead used the term "postmodern racism". [6] Étienne Balibar's concept of "neo-racism" was an early formulation of what later became widely termed "cultural racism". The term "racism" is one of the most controversial and ambiguous words used within the social sciences. [7]

  6. Historical race concepts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_race_concepts

    The word "race", interpreted to mean an identifiable group of people who share a common descent, was introduced into English in the 16th century from the Old French rasse (1512), from Italian razza: the Oxford English Dictionary cites the earliest example around the mid-16th century and defines its early meaning as a "group of people belonging to the same family and descended from a common ...

  7. Racism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism

    The term racism is a noun describing the state of being racist, i.e., subscribing to the belief that the human population can or should be classified into races with differential abilities and dispositions, which in turn may motivate a political ideology in which rights and privileges are differentially distributed based on racial categories.

  8. Weathering hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering_hypothesis

    Intersectionality is a term coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw to describe the interconnected nature of different systems of oppression, the layered effects of which can be seen in the healthcare system. Research indicates that lower class status and increased depressive symptoms are associated with higher levels of biological weathering among Black ...

  9. Racial discrimination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination

    Racial bias exists in the medical field affecting the way patients are treated and the way they are diagnosed. There are instances where patients’ words are not taken seriously, an example would be the recent case with Serena Williams. After the birth of her daughter via C-section, the tennis player began to feel pain and shortness of breath.