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The second resolution, 5B, defined dwarf planets as a subtype of planet, as Stern had originally intended, distinguished from the other eight that were to be called "classical planets". Under this arrangement, the twelve planets of the rejected proposal were to be preserved in a distinction between eight classical planets and four dwarf planets.
These lists contain the Sun, the planets, dwarf planets, many of the larger small Solar System bodies (which includes the asteroids), all named natural satellites, and a number of smaller objects of historical or scientific interest, such as comets and near-Earth objects.
The concept of human exploration of dwarf planets has intrigued scientists since Pluto's discovery in 1930. Despite the vast distances and significant challenges, advancements in space technology could make such endeavors possible. Colonizing dwarf planets offers potential economic benefits due to the presence of rare and valuable ores. [23]
Kepler-37e is listed with a radius of 0.37 ± 0.18 R 🜨 in the Exoplanet Archive based on KOI data, but the existence of this planet is doubtful, [21] and assuming its existence, a 2023 study found a mass of 8.1 ± 1.7 M 🜨, inconsistent with such a small radius. [22]
The planet orbits a star similar to the Sun, named Kepler-37, orbited by a total of four planets. The star has a mass of 0.80 M ☉ and a radius of 0.79 R ☉. It has a temperature of, 5417 K and is 5.66 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old, [8] and has a temperature of 5778 K. [9]
A Belgian-led team made the discovery using both space- and ground-based telescopes, spotting the planets as they passed in front of the red dwarf star known as TRAPPIST-1.
Unlike those of the eight planets, whose orbits all lie roughly in the same plane as the Earth's, Eris's orbit is highly inclined: it is tilted at an angle of about 44 degrees to the ecliptic. [6] When discovered, Eris and its moon were the most distant known objects in the Solar System, apart from long-period comets and space probes.
Pluto was, however, found to be too small to have disrupted the orbits of the outer planets, and its discovery was therefore coincidental. Like Ceres, it was initially considered to be a planet, but after the discovery of many other similarly sized objects in its vicinity it was reclassified in 2006 as a dwarf planet by the IAU. [22]