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Motivation contrasts with amotivation, which is a lack of interest in a certain activity or a resistance to it. [5] In a slightly different sense, the word "motivation" can also refer to the act of motivating someone and to a reason or goal for doing something. [6] It comes from the Latin term movere (to move). [7]
Employee motivation is an intrinsic and internal drive to put forth the necessary effort and action towards work-related activities. It has been broadly defined as the "psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior in an organisation, a person's level of effort and a person's level of persistence". [1]
Management believes employees' work is based on their own self-interest. [6] Managers who believe employees operate in this manner are more likely to use rewards or punishments as motivation. [6] Due to these assumptions, Theory X concludes the typical workforce operates more efficiently under a hands-on approach to management. Theory X ...
A number of various theories attempt to describe employee motivation within the discipline of industrial and organizational psychology.At the macro level, work motivation can be categorized into two types, endogenous process (individual, cognitive) theories and exogenous cause (environmental) theories. [8]
Within Self-Determination Theory, Deci & Ryan [22] distinguish between four different types of extrinsic motivation, differing in their levels of perceived autonomy: External regulation: This is the least autonomous of the four and is determined by external punishment or reward.
This psychological concept proposed that how one viewed human relationships to those of an enterprise determined their style of management. Theory X proposes that people inherently lack the motivation and desire for responsibility and need to be closely supervised, directed, and tightly controlled in order to achieve team objectives. [3]
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Middle management is the midway management of a categorized organization, being secondary to the senior management but above the deepest levels of operational members. An operational manager may be well-thought-out by middle management or may be categorized as a non-management operator, liable to the policy of the specific organization.