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Finally, in adults, the head represents approximately 12% of the body length. The cephalocaudal trend is also the trend of infants learning to use their upper limbs before their lower limbs. The proximodistal trend, on the other hand, is the prenatal growth from 5 months to birth when the fetus grows from the inside of the body outwards.
There is a genetic cephalocaudal (head-to-foot) trend in both prenatal and postnatal development. [ 2 ] As a baby grows, they learn to sit up, stand, walk, and run; these capacities develop in a specific order with the growth of the nervous system, even though the rate of development may vary from child to child.
The speed of physical growth is rapid in the months after birth, then slows, so birth weight is doubled in the first four months, tripled by 1 year, but not quadrupled until 2 years. [84] Growth then proceeds at a slow rate until a period of rapid growth occurs shortly before puberty (between about 9 and 15 years of age). [ 85 ]
Esther Thelen (May 20, 1941 – December 29, 2004) was an expert in the field of developmental psychology. [1] Thelen's research was focused on human development, especially in the area of infant development. [2] Thelen was also president of the Society for Research in Child Development and the International Society for Infant Studies.
Physical development. Typically grows between 1 and 1.5 inches (2.5 and 3.8 cm) and gains about 2 pounds (910 g). [20] Motor development. Hands kept in tight fists. [21] Equal movement of arms and legs on both sides. [21] Able to briefly hold up head when in prone position. [21] Arm thrusts are jerky. [22] Brings hands close to eyes and mouth. [22]
It is vital that a recognized nursing assessment framework is used in practice to identify the patient's* problems, risks and outcomes for enhancing health. The use of an evidence-based nursing framework such as Gordon's Functional Health Pattern Assessment should guide assessments that support nurses in determination of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses.
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A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired. This typically includes a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history, [1] but not deeper investigation such as neuroimaging.