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Solar minimum is the regular period of least solar activity in the Sun's 11-year solar cycle. During solar minimum, sunspot and solar flare activity diminishes, and often does not occur for days at a time. On average, the solar cycle takes about 11 years to go from one solar minimum to the next, with duration observed varying from 9 to 14 years.
An example is the Meeus smoothing formula, [7] with related solar cycles characteristics available in this STCE news item. [8] The start of solar cycle 25 was declared by SIDC on September 15, 2020 as being in December 2019. [9] This makes cycle 24 the only "11-year solar cycle" to have lasted precisely 11 years.
The Homeric Minimum is a persistent and deep [1] grand solar minimum between about 800 and 600 BC. Cosmogenic beryllium-10 deposits in varves in a German lake show a sharp increase "2,759 ± 39 varve years before present", [2] [3] while carbon-14 is high starting around 830 BC. [4]
Solar cycle 25 is the current solar cycle, the 25th since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. It began in December 2019 with a minimum smoothed sunspot number of 1.8. [2] It is expected to continue until about 2030. [3] [4]
Solar irradiance varies systematically over the cycle, [69] both in total irradiance and in its relative components (UV vs visible and other frequencies). The solar luminosity is an estimated 0.07 percent brighter during the mid-cycle solar maximum than the terminal solar minimum.
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Solar radiation is a major driver of the Earth's climate. Changes in solar radiation can affect the temperature and precipitation patterns on Earth. During the Little Ice Age, the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface was lower than it is today due to an event known as the Maunder Minimum; the most recent Grand Solar Minimum. [8]
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