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Astigmatism may also occur following a cataract surgery or a corneal injury. [15] Contraction of the scar due to wound or cataract extraction causes astigmatism due to flattening of the cornea in one direction. [15] In keratoconus, progressive thinning and steepening of the cornea cause irregular astigmatism. [16]
Cataract surgery is the most common application of lens removal surgery, and is usually associated with lens replacement. It is used to remove the natural lens of the eye when it has developed a cataract, a cloudy area in the lens that causes visual impairment. [4] [10] Cataracts usually develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes. [4]
A toric IOL is a type of toric lens used to correct preexisting corneal astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery. [20] Astigmatism can also be treated with limbal relaxing incisions or an excimer laser procedure. [21] [22] About 40% of Americans have significant astigmatism and thus may be candidates for a toric IOL. [22]
Posterior capsular opacification, also known as after-cataract, is a condition in which months or years after successful cataract surgery, vision deteriorates or problems with glare and light scattering recur, usually due to thickening of the back or posterior capsule surrounding the implanted lens, so-called 'posterior lens capsule opacification'.
Manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) is an evolution of extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE); the lens is removed from the eye through a self-sealing scleral tunnel wound. A well-constructed scleral tunnel is held closed by internal pressure, is watertight, and does not require suturing.
AK is often used for the correction of high post-keratoplasty astigmatism or post-cataract surgery astigmatism. [12] Limbal relaxing incisions (LRI) are incisions near the outer edge of the iris, used to correct minor astigmatism (typically less than 2 diopters). This is often performed in conjunction with an Intraocular Lens implantation.
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