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28 August – Landlord and Tenant Law Amendment (Ireland) Act 1860 ("Deasy's Land Act"), [2] intended to reform tenants' rights. September – Myles O'Reilly's "Battalion of St Patrick" assist in the unsuccessful defence of Spoleto against the Risorgimento. 3 November – The Catholic Ballaghaderreen Cathedral is consecrated and opened.
The New Zealand land confiscations took place during the 1860s to punish the Kīngitanga movement for attempting to set up an alternative Māori form of government that forbade the selling of land to European settlers. The confiscation law targeted Kīngitanga Māori against whom the government had waged war to restore the rule of British law.
Governor Thomas Gore Browne.. The catalyst for the war was the disputed sale of 600 acres (2.4 km 2) of land known as the Pekapeka block, or Teira's block, at Waitara.The block's location perfectly suited European settlers' wish for a township and port to serve the north of the Taranaki district and its sale was viewed as a likely precedent for other sales that would open up for settlement all ...
The effect was a creeping confiscation of almost a million acres (4,000 km 2) of land, with little distinction between the land of loyal or rebel Māori owners. [ 3 ] The Government's war policy was opposed by the British commander, General Duncan Cameron , who clashed with Governor Sir George Grey and offered his resignation in February 1865.
Both Ōtepoti and Puketai were abandoned by 1826 reflecting the massive loss of life from measles, population displacements from the Musket Wars and the new economic opportunities provided by Europeans. [4] [5] [3] In 1848 the Free Church of Scotland organised two ships to sail to the head of the Otago Harbour and found the colony of Dunedin.
Māori land under individual title became available to be sold to the colonial government or to settlers in private sales. Between 1840 and 1890, Māori sold 95 per cent of their land (63,000,000 of 66,000,000 acres (270,000 km 2) in 1890). In total 4 per cent of this was confiscated land, although about a quarter of this was returned. 300,000 ...
The most effective tactic of the Land League was the boycott (the word originates in Ireland in this period), where unpopular landlords were ostracised by the local community. Grassroots Land League members used violence against landlords and their property; [ 16 ] attempted evictions of tenant farmers regularly turned into armed confrontations.
Within 20 years, 40% of their lands were lost, some through government land confiscation. At close to the lowest level of population, Ngāti Whātua land holding was reduced to a few acres at Ōrākei, land which Te Kawau had declared "a last stand". By the end of the 1840s, Māori were a minority in the Auckland area.