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These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified. An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function , and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.
Generally, if the function is any trigonometric function, and is its derivative, ∫ a cos n x d x = a n sin n x + C {\displaystyle \int a\cos nx\,dx={\frac {a}{n}}\sin nx+C} In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration .
Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus.While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful.
For a complete list of integral formulas, see lists of integrals. In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration . For each inverse hyperbolic integration formula below there is a corresponding formula in the list of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions .
Mathematical handbook of formulas and tables (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0071548557. Zwillinger, Daniel (2003). CRC standard mathematical tables and formulae (32nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-143983548-7. Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene Ann, eds. (1983) [June 1964]. Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical ...
The following is a list of integrals (anti-derivative functions) of hyperbolic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration.
In this case, an expression involving a radical function is replaced with a trigonometric one. Trigonometric identities may help simplify the answer. [1] [2] Like other methods of integration by substitution, when evaluating a definite integral, it may be simpler to completely deduce the antiderivative before applying the boundaries of integration.
Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely and and then integrated. This technique is often simpler and faster than using trigonometric identities or integration by parts, and is sufficiently powerful to integrate any rational expression involving trigonometric functions. [1]
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