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Some recipes may specify butter amounts called a pat (1 - 1.5 tsp) [26] or a knob (2 tbsp). [27] Cookbooks in Canada use the same system, although pints and gallons would be taken as their Imperial quantities unless specified otherwise. Following the adoption of the metric system, recipes in Canada are frequently published with metric conversions.
However, because the formation of PhIP in cooked meat items is dependent on temperature, cooking time, and cooking method, variations do occur in the direct measurement method. [12] Direct measurement methods have determined dietary intake levels of PhIP to range from 0.07-4.3 ng/kg per day.
In 2018 the FCR of broilers is about 1.5, or 1.5 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of meat. [2] This compares very favorably with other sources of meat. It is estimated that broilers produce 6 kg of greenhouse gas per 1 kg of meat, as compared to 60 kg GHG /kg for beef cattle. [3] In the 1980s, it was typical to produce a 2 kilogram chicken in 70 days.
A report in 2005 stated that around 5.9 billion broiler chickens for eating were produced yearly in the European Union. Mass production of chicken meat is a global industry and at that time, only two or three breeding companies supplied around 90% of the world's breeder-broilers.
Fibromelanosis is also found in some other black or blue-skinned chicken breeds, such as the Silkie. [6] [7] The roosters weigh 2–2.5 kg (4.4–5.5 lb) and the hens 1.5–2 kg (3.3–4.4 lb). The hens lay tinted or cream-colored eggs, although they are poor setters and rarely hatch their own brood.
[36] [37] When looking at meat only, ruminants consume an average of 2.8 kg of human edible feed per kg of meat produced, while monogastrics need 3.2 kg. [36] [37] Finally, when accounting for the protein content of the feed, ruminant need an average of 0.6 kg of edible plant protein to produce 1 kg of animal protein while monogastric need 2 kg.
1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams (g) = 2.20462262 lb 1 lb = 453.59237 g = 0.45359237 kg 1 oz = 28.3495231 g. In four different English-language countries of recipe and measuring-utensil markets, approximate cup volumes range from 236.59 to 284.1 milliliters (mL). Adaptation of volumetric recipes can be made with density approximations:
For example, if the recipe time is calculated using a stainless steel container and a plastic container is used instead, the recipe will be undercooked, unless the cooking time is increased. Containers with thicker sides, e.g., oven-proof glass or ceramic containers, which are slower to conduct heat, will add about 10 minutes to the cooking time.