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Neoliberals believe that realists neglect the degree to which countries share interests and the iterative nature of state relations. Realists err by implicitly modeling the world using the classic single-play prisoner's dilemma, in which the payoff structure makes defection a dominant strategy for both players. The difference between this model ...
The initial modelling has advanced from two dimensions to show more complex interactions, for example over time. The framework was first theorized by Henry Etzkowitz and Loet Leydesdorff in the 1990s, with the publication of "The Triple Helix, University-Industry-Government Relations: A laboratory for Knowledge-Based Economic Development". [4]
At the international level, the national government (i.e., chief negotiator) seeks an agreement, with an opposing country, relating to topics of concern. At the domestic level, societal actors pressure the chief negotiator for favourable policies. The chief negotiator absorbs the concern of societal actors and builds coalitions with them.
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Complex interdependence in international relations and international political economy is a concept put forth by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye in the 1970s to describe the emerging nature of the global political economy. [1] [2] The concept entails that relations between states are becoming increasingly deep and complex. These increasingly ...
Lobbying is a form of advocacy, which lawfully attempts to directly influence legislators or government officials, such as regulatory agencies or judiciary. [1] Lobbying involves direct, face-to-face contact and is carried out by various entities, including individuals acting as voters, constituents, or private citizens; corporations pursuing their business interests; nonprofits and NGOs ...
In current political-science and international-relations theory, a rentier state (/ ˈ r ɒ n t i eɪ / RON-tee-ay or / r ɒ̃ ˈ t j eɪ /) is a state which derives all or a substantial portion of its national revenues from the rent paid by foreign individuals, concerns or governments.
The quadruple and quintuple innovation helix framework describes university-industry-government-public-environment interactions within a knowledge economy.In innovation helix framework theory, first developed by Henry Etzkowitz and Loet Leydesdorff [1] [2] and used in innovation economics and theories of knowledge, such as the knowledge society and the knowledge economy, each sector is ...