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A drug carrier or drug vehicle is a substrate used in the process of drug delivery which serves to improve the selectivity, effectiveness, and/or safety of drug administration. [1] Drug carriers are primarily used to control the release of drugs into systemic circulation.
Drug delivery systems have been around for many years, but there are a few recent applications of drug delivery that warrant 1. Drug delivery to the brain: Many drugs can be harmful when administered systemically; the brain is very sensitive to medications and can easily cause damage if a drug is administered directly into the bloodstream.
There are different types of drug delivery vehicles, such as polymeric micelles, liposomes, lipoprotein-based drug carriers, nano-particle drug carriers, dendrimers, etc. An ideal drug delivery vehicle must be non-toxic, biocompatible, non-immunogenic, biodegradable, [5] and must avoid recognition by the host's defense mechanisms [3].
These efforts were initially on the macroscopic level with some of the first controlled drug delivery (CDD) devices being an ophthalmic insert, an intrauterine device, and a skin patch. [5] In the 1970s the drug delivery field shifted from macroscopic systems and started to delve into microscopic systems.
Liposomes were first reported as drug-delivery vehicles in the 1960s and are biomimetic nanosomes composed of phospholipid bilayers. Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, liposomes are a popular choice for pH-responsive tumor-targeted drug delivery.
The U.S. has spent millions on high-tech scanners to spot fentanyl crossing the border, but many sit in warehouses unused because Congress hasn’t appropriated funds to install them.
Dr. Hodges was the first to suggest the use of coiled coils in a drug delivery system in 1996 when he proposed a two-stage targeting and delivery system based on heterodimerization, whereby a drug would be conjugated to chain 1 and an antibody would be conjugated to chain 2, such that chains 1 and 2 would form a heterodimeric coiled coil.
Conventional drug delivery is limited by the inability to control dosing, target specific sites, and achieve targeted permeability. Traditional methods of delivering therapeutics to the body experience challenges in achieving and maintaining maximum therapeutic effect while avoiding the effects of drug toxicity.
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