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Before the Revolution, French society—aside from royalty—was divided into three estates. The First Estate comprised the clergy; the Second Estate was the nobility. The rest of France—some 97 per cent of the population—was the Third Estate, which ranged from very wealthy city merchants to impoverished rural farmers.
Jeu de paume in the 17th century.. Jeu de paume (UK: / ˌ ʒ ɜː d ə ˈ p oʊ m /, [1] French: [ʒø d(ə) pom]; originally spelled jeu de paulme; lit. ' palm game '), nowadays known as real tennis, (US) court tennis or (in France) courte paume, is a ball-and-court game that originated in France.
The French Republic continued this Roman symbol to represent state power, justice, and unity. [2] During the Revolution, the fasces image was often used in conjunction with many other symbols. Though seen throughout the French Revolution, perhaps the most well known French reincarnation of the fasces is the Fasces surmounted by a Phrygian cap.
The French Revolution (French: Révolution française [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]) was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
Jean Sylvain Bailly (French: [ʒɑ̃ silvɛ̃ baji]; 15 September 1736 – 12 November 1793 [1]) was a French astronomer, mathematician, freemason, [2] [3] and political leader of the early part of the French Revolution.
The twenty-four months from July, 1794, to July, 1796, placed enormous pressures on the people of France and their government. These pressures included civil wars in western France, wars with most of Europe, a famine in 1795, a new constitution in 1795, economic collapse, and two insurrections in Paris - one in July of 1794 to end the terror, and a second in the fall of 1795 by royalists ...
A New Dictionary of the French Revolution (2011) excerpt and text search; Fremont-Barnes, Gregory, ed. The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History (3 vol. 2006) Furet, Francois, et al. eds. A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (1989) long articles by scholars excerpt and ...
"La Carmagnole" is the title of a French song created and made popular during the French Revolution, accompanied by a wild dance of the same name that may have also been brought into France by the Piedmontese. [1] It was first sung in August 1792 and was successively added to during the revolutionary events of 1830, 1848, 1863–64, and 1882-83.