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If Earth is not ejected during a stellar encounter, then its orbit will decay via gravitational radiation until it collides with the Sun in 10 20 (100 quintillion) years. [109] If proton decay can occur and Earth is ejected to intergalactic space, then it will last around 10 38 (100 undecillion) years before evaporating into radiation. [110]
Fraser Cain called the book depressing on Universe Today, but said that the authors "tell an engaging story" and that the scientific terminology used is well explained. [2] Publishers Weekly said that the authors do not make an airtight case, though "they do deftly bring together findings from many disparate areas of science in a book that ...
The Earth and Moon are very likely destroyed by falling into the Sun, just before the Sun reaches the top of its red giant phase. [112] [note 3] Before the final collision, the Moon possibly spirals below Earth's Roche limit, breaking into a ring of debris, most of which falls to the Earth's surface. [114]
Just hours before Clarke's death, a major gamma-ray burst (GRB) reached Earth. Known as GRB 080319B, the burst set a new record as the farthest object that can be seen from Earth with the naked eye. [68] It occurred about 7.5 billion years ago, the light taking that long to reach Earth. [68]
The first eon in Earth's history, the Hadean, begins with the Earth's formation and is followed by the Archean eon at 3.8 Ga. [2]: 145 The oldest rocks found on Earth date to about 4.0 Ga, and the oldest detrital zircon crystals in rocks to about 4.4 Ga, [34] [35] [36] soon after the formation of the Earth's crust and the Earth itself.
9.6 billion years (4.2 Gya): Tharsis Bulge widespread area of vulcanism, becomes active on Mars – based on the intensity of volcanic activity on Earth, Tharsis magmas may have produced a 1.5-bar CO 2 atmosphere and a global layer of water 120 m deep increasing greenhouse gas effect in climate and adding to Martian water table.
The history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and extinct organisms evolved, from the earliest emergence of life to the present day. Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago (abbreviated as Ga, for gigaannum) and evidence suggests that life emerged prior to 3.7 Ga. [1] [2] [3] The similarities among all known present-day species indicate that they have diverged through the ...
an abbreviated format from the "Acceptable date formats" table, provided the day and month elements are in the same order as in dates in the article body; the format expected in the citation style being used (but all-numeric date formats other than yyyy-mm-dd must still be avoided).