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Orexin (/ ɒ ˈ r ɛ k s ɪ n /), also known as hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite. [5] It exists in the forms of orexin-A and orexin-B.The most common form of narcolepsy, type 1, in which the individual experiences brief losses of muscle tone ("drop attacks" or cataplexy), is caused by a lack of orexin in the brain due to destruction of the cells ...
Mouse models have also been used to test whether the lack of orexin neurons is correlated with narcolepsy. Mice whose orexin neurons have been ablated have shown sleep fragmentation, SOREMPs, and obesity. [91] Rat models have been used to demonstrate the association between orexin deficiency and narcoleptic symptoms.
These orexin-expressing neurons appear to be hyperpolarised (inhibited) by a glucose-activated potassium channel. This inhibition is hypothesized to then reduce output from orexigenic neurons to aminergic , cholinergic , and glutamatergic arousal pathways of the brain, thus decreasing the activity of those pathways.
The endogenous orexin neuropeptides, orexin A and orexin B, are involved in the regulation of sleep–wake cycles and act to promote wakefulness. [33] [16] [7] Deficiency of orexin signaling is thought to be the primary cause of the sleep disorder narcolepsy. [33] [16] Disturbances in orexin signaling may also be involved in insomnia. [33]
Vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms . Vitamin B12 deficiency has a few hallmark symptoms, according to doctors: Lack of energy. Mental fatigue. Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Lack of appetite. Weight loss
The hypothalamus region of the brain regulates basic functions of hormone release, emotional expression and sleep. One study concluded that the neurochemical hypocretin, also known as orexin, which is regulated by the hypothalamus, was significantly reduced in study participants with symptoms of cataplexy. Hypocretin regulates sleep and states ...
The lateral hypothalamus (LH), also called the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), [1] contains the primary orexinergic nucleus within the hypothalamus that widely projects throughout the nervous system; [2] this system of neurons mediates an array of cognitive and physical processes, such as promoting feeding behavior and arousal, reducing pain perception, and regulating body temperature ...
An orexin receptor antagonist, ... Narcolepsy, a neurological disorder caused by orexin deficiency, is a contraindication to the use of orexin antagonists. [29]