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The adaptive immune system, ... Activation of complement: Cause inflammation and cell lysis ... The innate and acquired portions of the immune system work together ...
Activation of macrophage or B cell by T helper cell. The T helper cells (T h cells), also known as CD4 + cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines.
Scheme of the complement system. The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the humoral, innate immune system and enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane. [1]
The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. [55] The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process called antigen ...
Classical complement activation has also been shown to combat Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. [10] Certain variants of the IgM antibody were found to bind the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus these IgM were found to be critical in complement activation through the classical pathway and subsequent destruction of the bacteria.
Professional antigen-presenting cells – including dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells – serve an indispensable role in the adaptive immune response through their unique ability to phagocytose, digest, and present exogenous (circulating) antigens to T cells, facilitating antigen-specific immune responses. [5]
The alternative pathway is a type of cascade reaction of the complement system and is a component of the innate immune system, a natural defense against infections. The alternative pathway is one of three complement pathways that opsonize and kill pathogens. The pathway is triggered when the C3b protein directly binds a microbe. It can also be ...
In normal circumstances it is released locally in low levels and helps the immune system defeat pathogens. However, when it is systemically released in the blood and in high levels (due to mass T-cell activation resulting from the SAg binding), it can cause severe and life-threatening symptoms, including septic shock and multiple organ failure.