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2. Non-proteinogenic amino acids - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids

   Lysine. Technically, any organic compound with an amine (–NH 2) and a carboxylic acid (–COOH) functional group is an amino acid. The proteinogenic amino acids are a small subset of this group that possess a central carbon atom (α- or 2-) bearing an amino group, a carboxyl group, a side chain and an α-hydrogen levo conformation, with the exception of glycine, which is achiral, and proline ...

3. Expanded genetic code - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_genetic_code

   There must not be crosstalk between the new tRNA/synthase pair and the existing tRNA/synthase molecules, only with the ribosomes. An expanded genetic code is an artificially modified genetic code in which one or more specific codons have been re-allocated to encode an amino acid that is not among the 22 common naturally-encoded proteinogenic amino acids.

4. Click chemistry - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_chemistry

   The development of unnatural amino acid incorporation by ribosomes has allowed for the incorporation of click reaction partners as unnatural side groups on these unnatural amino acids. For example, an UAA with an azide side group provides convenient access for cycloalkynes to proteins tagged with this "AHA" unnatural amino acid. [54]

5. Cell-free protein synthesis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-free_protein_synthesis

   These advantages enable numerous applications. [9] [1] A major application of CFPS is incorporation of unnatural amino acids into protein structures (see expanded genetic code). The openness of the reaction is ideal for inserting the modified tRNAs and unnatural amino acids required for such a reaction.

6. Protein engineering - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_engineering

   Eventually, even unnatural amino acids may be included, via newer methods, such as expanded genetic code, that allow encoding novel amino acids in genetic code. The applications in numerous fields, including medicine and industrial bioprocessing, are vast and numerous.

7. Xenobiology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiology

   The genetic code encodes in all organisms 20 canonical amino acids that are used for protein biosynthesis. In rare cases, special amino acids such as selenocysteine or pyrrolysine can be incorporated by the translational apparatus in to proteins of some organisms. [8] Together, these 20+2 Amino Acids are known as the 22 Proteinogenic Amino ...

8. Antibody–drug conjugate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody–drug_conjugate

   Site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids generates a site for controlled and stable attachment. This enables the production of homogeneous ADCs with the antibody precisely linked to the drug and controlled ratios of antibody to drug, allowing the selection of a best-in-class ADC. [52]

9. Cell-penetrating peptide - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-penetrating_peptide

   Several improvements for this substrate includes the usage of unnatural β or γ amino acids. This strategy offers multiple advantages, such resistance to proteolytic degradation, a natural degradation process by which peptide bonds are hydrolyzed to amino acids. Unnatural acid insertion in the peptide chain has multiple advantages.